1. Introduction
Electric and hybrid electric vehicles are more energy efficient and cleaner than conventional vehicles.These vehicles’ performance depends strongly on their battery pack performance. In general, temperature affects several aspects of a battery including:
（1）
operation of the electrochemical system;
（2）
round trip efficiency;
（3）
charge acceptance;
（4）
power and energy capability;
（5）
reliability;
（6）
life and life cycle cost.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the b
混合动力汽车的电池热模型-5033字.docx